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| 1799: |
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin born in
Moscow.
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| 1801: |
Earthquake in Moscow: Pushkin's earliest
memory.
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| 1807: |
Wrote his first verses - in French.
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| 1811: |
Enters the new lycée at Tsarskoye Se1o,
near St. Petersburg, a school founded by the Tsar to
prepare the sons of noblemen for a career as Government
ministers, or as diplomats.
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- FACT: Pushkin's great-grandfather
was an African. He, later christened Abram Petrovich
Hannibal, was abducted from home at the age of 7 and
taken to live in Istanbul as a slave. There he was rescued
by the Russian envoy, who sent him as a gift to Tsar
Peter the Great, who stood as godfather to him at his
christening. Peter sent him abroad as a young man to
train as a military engineer. Peter's daughter, the
Empress Elizabeth, made him a general, and he eventually
died in retirement well into his eighties on one of
the estates granted to him by the crown.
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| 1814: |
First publication, anonymously, of Pushkin's
verses, in the St Peterburg Magazine.
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| 1815: |
Public success of his poem, Reminiscences
of Tsarskoye Selo. The leading Russian poet of the
day, Derzhavin, names Pushkin as his sucessor.
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| 1817: |
Leaves the Lycée. Takes up a post in
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Begins work on his
first narrative poem, Ruslan and Ludmila. Also
writes ode, Liberty.
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| 1818-19: |
Pushkin suffers three serious illnesses,
brought about by his dissipated life-style. Frequents
radical political circles. Liberal poems by Pushkin
circulated in manuscript.
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- FACT: Pushkin had the best education
available in Russia at that time. At the age of
twelve Pushkin was sent by his Parents to St Petersburg
to be educated at the new Lyceum ( Lycée, a high school)
that the Emperor Alexander I had just established in
the grounds of his summer palace at Tsarskoye Se1o to
prepare the sons of noblemen for careers in the government
service. Pushkin spent six happy years there, learning
Russian, French , Latin, German, state economy and finance,
scripture, logic, moral philosophy, law,history, geography,
statistics, and mathematics.
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| 1820: |
Publishes Ruslan and Ludmila.
Pushkin is exiled by the Tsar to South Russia. Travels
in Caucasus and Crimea. Studies English to read the
poems of Byron in the original. Begins first "Byronic"
poem, The Captive of the Caucasus.
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| 1821: |
In Exile in Kishinev,
writes The Robber Brothers, and The Gabrieliad.
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| 1822: |
Writes The Fountain of Bakhchisaray.
Pushkin is acclaimed as "the Russian Byron".
Tsar Alexander I is so moved by The Captive of the
Caucasus that he contemplates a reconcilliation
with Pushkin.
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| 1823: |
Pushkin's exile is transferred to Odessa.
Under the influence of Byron's Don Juan, Pushkin
begins writing Eugene Onegin, which he is to
continue writing for the next eight years.
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Here
is a sketch of one of the many
women with whom he fell in love, Amalia Riznich
(1803 - 1825). |
Amalia
was a beauty, with fiery eyes, a neck of
exceptional grace and whiteness and a plait of
black hair almost five feet long. She also possessed
large feet, and
wore long dresses to hide them. She went about
wearing a man's hat, and a semi-riding habit.
Pushkin's passionate love and agonising jealousy
- Amalia was married - resulted in a burst of
deeply felt lyrics. |
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| 1824: |
The Fountain of Bakhchisaray
is a great literary and financial success. Writes The
Gypsies. Sentenced to exile in Mikhailovskoye, in
the north of Russia, for the promotion of atheism. Writes
Memoirs, which are later burned.
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| 1825: |
Publication of the first chapter of
Eugene Onegin. Writes Boris Godunov.
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| 1826: |
The first collection of Pushkin's lyrics
is published, and sold out in two months. The new Tsar,
Nicohlas I, frees Pushkin from exile. Writes The
Prophet.
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| 1827: |
First visit to St. Peterburg after six
years of exile. Writes The Moor of Peter the Great,
based upon his great-grandfather, Hannibal.
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- FACT: Pushkin had an uneasy relationship
with the ruling Emperors and government of Russia. In
1820 the Emperor Alexander I took offence at the levity,
disrespectfulness and libertarianism of some of Pushkin's
youthful verses and determined to exile him to Siberia.
At the intercession of high-placed friends of Pushkin's,
this sentence was commuted to a government posting in
the south of Russia. In 1924, when Pushkin was living
in Odessa, an intercepted letter brought him under suspicion
of harbouring atheistic views; Alexander then had him
dismissed from the service and sent to indefinite banishment
on his mother's country estate of Mikhailovskoye in
the west of Russia. Pushkin spent the next two years
under police surveillance at Mikhailovskoye. In the
autumn of 1826 Alexender's successor Nicholas I restored
Pushkin's freedom. Though over the ensuing years, Nicholas
gave Pushkin intermittent help and support, the government
as a whole still treated him as politically untrustworthy,
and kept him under informal surveillance.
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| 1828: |
The Church proceeds against Pushkin
for his blasphemous poem The Gabrieliad. Tsar
Nicholas I protects Pushkin. Writes Poltava.
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| 1829: |
Travels through the Caucasus
to Erzurum. Sees action in battle with the Russian Army,
against the Turks.
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| 1830: |
Becomes engaged to Natalya Goncharova.
Stranded at Boldino by a cholera outbreak, Pushkin writes
about 30 lyric poems, the Little Tragedies, Tales
of Belkin, The History of Goryukhino, The Little House
in Kolomna, and the last chapters of Eugene Onegin
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| 1831: |
Marries Natalya Goncharova. Writes the
Fairy Tales. Tsar Nicholas I appoints him as
historian of Peter the Great.
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- FACT: Pushkin claimed to have had
113 lovers.
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| 1832: |
Birth of his first child, Mary. Writes
Dubrovsky and Rusalka.
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| 1833: |
The first complete edition of Eugene
Onegin is published. Birth of his eldest son, Alexander.
Travels to Urals. Writes History of Pugachev
Rebellion, The Queen of Spades, The Bronze Horseman,
and Andzhelo.
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| 1834: |
Pushkin leads an unhappy life in court
circles at St. Petersburg, with mounting debts, and
jealousy of his wife's admiriers.
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| 1835: |
Birth of his younger
son, Gregory. Publication of selected works: narrative
verse, and prose, in two volumes, and lyric poems in
four volumes.
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- FACT: Pushkin knew and admired English
literature. In his early years, Pushkin admired
and imitated Byron, but this admiration waned. He remained
a great admirer of the novels of Sir Walter Scott. He
was also familiar with other English literature of the
18th and 19th centenuries, translating and adapting
several works into Russian. He also became an enthusiastic
admirer of Shakespeare, modelling his drama, Boris
Godunov on Shakespeare's historical plays. In his
younger days he came to English works through French
translations; but he later taught himself to read English.
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| 1836: |
Becomes editor of Sovremennik
magazine. death of his mother. Writes religious poems,
and The Captain's Daughter. Birth of his last
child, Natalya.
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| 1837: |
Continues work on The History of
Peter the Great. Shot in a duel, over insults to
his wife's reputation, and dies two days later.
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- FACT: Pushkin's death was tragically
early and unnecessary. In
January, 1837 Pushkin fought a duel following improper
advances to his wife and insults to himself, by a French
Royalist in exile, Baron Georges d'Anthès, 24
years old, serving in the Russian regiment, the Chevalier
Guards. In order to get closer to Pushkin's wife, Natalya,
d'Anthès married her sister. Pushkin forbade
d'Anthès entrance to his house, but rumours -
probably false - were spread thoughout fashionable Moscow
that his wife and d'Anthès were having an affair.
Pushkin was fatally wounded in the duel, and died in
St. Petersburg two days later, at the age of 37.
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